We have replaced most of the old physical property data with the latest reference data. We have substantially revised the coverage of thermal radiation, unsteady conduction, and mass transfer. Our major objectives in rewriting the 1987 edition have been to bring the material up to date and make it as clear as possible. An integrated introductory course in thermofluid engineering should also be a sufficient background for the material here. We include the needed background in fluid mechanics, although students will be better off if they have had an introductory course in fluids. This book is meant for students in their introductory heat transfer course - students who have learned calculus (through ordinary differential equations) and basic thermodynamics. This copy is: Version 1.23 dated January 3, 2005
This book was typeset in Lucida Bright and Lucida New Math fonts (designed by Bigelow & Holmes) using LATEX under the Y&Y TEX System. Published by Phlogiston Press Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Cambridge, MA : Phlogiston Press, c2005 Includes bibliographic references and index. Lienhard, John H., 1930– A heat transfer textbook / John H. The authors and publisher offer no warranties or representations, nor do they accept any liabilities with respect to the use of this information. The authors have used their best efforts to ensure the accuracy of the methods, equations, and data described in this book, but they do not guarantee them for any particular purpose. International copyright is subject to the Berne International Copyright Convention. Any other use, including copying, distributing or modifying the work for commercial purposes, is subject to the restrictions of U.S.
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The authors grant you the right to download and print it for your personal use or for non-profit instructional use. Lienhard V All rights reserved Please note that this material is copyrighted under U.S. Lienhard V Department of Mechanical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139-4307 U.S.A. Lienhard IV Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Houston 4800 Calhoun Road Houston TX 77204-4792 U.S.A. Lienhard V A Heat Transfer Textbook Lienhard & Lienhard Finally, I argue that this wave-pinning mechanism can account for a number of features of cell polarization such as spatial amplification, maintenance of polarity, and the sensitivity to new stimuli that is typical of polarization of eukaryotic cells.A HEAT TRANSFER THIRD TEXTBOOK EDITION John H. I also analyze the transition from a spatially heterogeneous solution to a spatially homogeneous solution as the diffusion coefficient of the active form is increased, and show the existence of other unstable stationary wavefronts. I show that this mechanism for generating a chemical pattern is distinct from Turing pattern formation. Using singular perturbation theory, I explain the mathematical basis of wave-pinning behaviour, and discuss its biological and mathematical implications. The key requirements for the mechanism to work include conservation of total amount of protein, a sufficiently large difference in diffusion rates of the two forms, and nonlinear positive feedback that allows for multiple homogeneous steady states to exist. In this model, a travelling wave of GTPase activation is initiated at one end of the domain, moves across the cell, and eventually stops inside the domain, resulting in a stable polar distribution. Here I show that this property of polarizability can be explained using a simplified model system comprising of a single active/inactive protein pair with positive feedback.
In earlier work, I have shown that the property of membrane-cytosol interconversion, together with appropriate feedbacks, endows the Rho proteins with the ability to initiate cell polarity, resulting in a high Cdc42/Rac region, which will become the front, and a high Rho region, which will become the back of the cell. These proteins exist in both active forms (on the inner surface of the membrane of the cell), and inactive forms (in the cytosol). To do so, the cell must break symmetry and develop a front and back in a process known as polarization.ĭuring polarization, members of the Rho GTPase family (Cdc42, Rac, and Rho) are recruited to the plasma membrane and localize to form a front and a back of the polarizing cell. In response to chemical stimulation, many eukaryotic cells are able to sense the direction of the stimulus and initiate movement.
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